Green Sukuk and Infrastructure Expansion: The Mediating Role of ESG Compliance in Pakistan’s sustainable development

Abstract

This paper examines how Green Sukuk (GS) can finance infrastructure expansion and sustainable development in Pakistan’s renewable energy sector, with a focus on the role of ESG compliance. Using data from 233 managers, investors, and policymakers, the study applies structural equation modelling (SEM) to test relationships between GS, ESG, and sustainable infrastructure. The findings show that GS significantly supports renewable energy development and contributes to sustainability goals. However, its full potential is only realized when integrated with ESG frameworks. ESG compliance plays a strong mediating role by enhancing transparency, accountability, and alignment with global sustainability standards. The study highlights that combining GS with ESG can increase investor confidence, attract international funding, and accelerate Pakistan’s transition to clean energy. Overall, the paper proposes an integrated approach linking Islamic finance and ESG principles to effectively mobilize green capital and promote sustainable infrastructure in emerging economies.